Chasmosaurinae

 Chasmosaurinae is a subfamily of ceratopsiddinosaurs. They were one of the most successful groups of herbivores of their time. Chasmosaurines appeared in the early Campanian, and became extinct, along with all other non-avian dinosaurs, during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Broadly, the most distinguishing features of chasmosaurines are prominent brow horns and long frills lacking long spines; centrosaurines generally had short brow horns and relatively shorter frills, and often had long spines projecting from their frills.^{[citation needed]}

Chasmosaurines Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, 78–66 Ma  PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Chasmosaurus belli skeleton, Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Order:	†Ornithischia
Family:	†Ceratopsidae
Subfamily:	†Chasmosaurinae Lambe, 1915
Type species
†Chasmosaurus belli Lambe, 1902
Subgroups
†Agujaceratops †Anchiceratops †Arrhinoceratops †Chasmosaurus †Coahuilaceratops †Judiceratops †Kosmoceratops †Mercuriceratops †Navajoceratops †Pentaceratops †Spiclypeus †Terminocavus †Utahceratops †Vagaceratops †Triceratopsini
Synonyms
Ceratopsinae?  Marsh, 1888 sensu Abel, 1919 Eoceratopsinae  Lambe, 1915

Chasmosaurines evolved in western North America (Laramidia). They are currently known definitively from rocks in western Canada, the western United States, and northern Mexico. They were highly diverse and among the most species-rich groups of dinosaurs, with new species frequently described. This high diversity of named species is likely a result of the frill. The distinctive shape of the frill with the hornlets on its edges (epoccipitals) make it possible to recognize species from incomplete or fragmentary remains.^{[citation needed]}

ClassificationEdit

Below is the result of a phylogenetic analysisby Mallon et al., following the traditional epiparietal homology scheme from their description of Spiclypeus shipporum. Bravoceratops and Eotriceratops were removed because it was found that they decrease resolution in the analysis because of the authors' new interpretation of epiparietal configurations. Regaliceratopswas not resolved as a member of the Triceratopsini.^[1]

Chasmosaurinae

Kosmoceratops richardsoni     Vagaceratops irvinensis       Spiclypeus shipporum       Pentaceratops sternbergii       Utahceratops gettyi         Agujaceratops mariscalensis       Mojoceratops perifania       Chasmosaurus belli     Chasmosaurus russelli             Coahuilaceratops magnacuerna         Anchiceratops ornatus     Regaliceratops peterhewsi       Arrhinoceratops brachyops     Triceratopsini     Ojoceratops fowleri     Titanoceratops ouranos     Nedoceratops hatcheri     Torosaurus latus     "Torosaurus" utahensis       Triceratops prorsus     Triceratops horridus

Below is the result of a 2020 phylogenetic analysis by Fowler and Freedman Fowler et al. The authors hypothesized that two distinct and roughly contemporary lineages of chasmosaurines existed in the late Cretaceous - a northern Chasmosauruslineage, in which the frill margin began as heart-shaped and then flattened and curled over onto itself, and a southern Pentaceratops lineage, in which the indentation in the initially heart-shaped frill margin pinched closed. This later lineage may have given rise to the Triceratopsini, as suggested by the cladogram below. As in the Mallon et al. analysis above, some taxa based on incomplete or juvenile remains (Bravoceratops and Agujaceratops) were removed to increase resolution. While a single "Pentaceratops lineage" was not recovered by this revised analysis as they had predicted based on frill shape, the authors speculated that this may be due to some specimens included as Pentaceratops sternbergii being misclassified, and possibly referable to other species pending further study. The authors also noted that some newer species included in the previous analysis by Mallon et al. (Spiclypeus, Regaliceratops, etc.) had yet to be coded into their revised dataset.^[2]

Chasmosaurinae	Chasmosaurus russelli     Chasmosaurus belli         Vagaceratops irvinensis     Kosmoceratops richardsoni               Utahceratops gettyi     Pentaceratops sternbergii       Coahuilaceratops magnacuerna         Navajoceratops sullivani       Terminocavus sealeyi       Anchiceratops ornatus       Arrhinoceratops brachyops     Triceratopsini

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article  Metasyntactic variable, which is released under the  Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.